Brain Death

Brain death is determined by the complete and irreversible cessation of the whole brain activity including brain stem. The loss of consciousness leads to the respiratory and cardiopulmonary failure. Therefore, brain death results in all other organs’ death.

Sub-tracks:

Cortical or Cerebral Death

Brainstem Death

Whole Brain Death

Brain Injury

An Acquired Brain Injury (ABI) is an injury to the brain that is not hereditary, congenital, degenerative, or induced by birth trauma. Essentially, this type of brain injury is one that has occurred after birth. The injury results in a change to the brain's neuronal activity, which affects the physical integrity, metabolic activity, or functional ability of nerve cells in the brain. There are two types of acquired brain injury i.e., traumatic and non-traumatic.

Sub-tracks:

            Traumatic Brain Injury

             Brain Hemorrhage

             Scalp Injuries

             Skull Fractures

             Cerebral contusion and Laceration

             Epidural Hematoma

Brain Death Causes

While a person got an irreversible and catastrophic brain injury that causes the total cessation of the brain function which leads to brain death.  Major causes of brain death are severe traumatic injury, cerebrovascular injury like stroke, anoxia due to heart attack, brain tumor etc. Brain infections, tumors, traumatic injury are responsible for brain swelling and for that brain loses its functions. Sometimes hypertension may cause bleeding in the brain that leads to brain death.

Sub-tracks:

Stroke or Aneurysm

Anoxia

Traumatic Brain Injury

Brain Tumor

Brain Death Diagnosis

The process of brain death determination and certification includes identification of physical examination findings which give a clear etiology of brain dysfunction. The diagnosis of brain death is clinically determined primarily. If the full clinical examinations including brain stem reflexes and apnea test are conclusively performed, then no other confirmatory tests are required. In some cases like cervical injuries or cardiovascular instability may cause misinterpretation of clinical tests’ result. In such case, a confirmatory test is necessary to verify the brain death properly. These confirmatory tests include angiography, cerebral arteriography, electroencephalography, nuclear brain scanning, transcranial Doppler ultrasonography etc. All the determination process should be done by at least two specialist physicians separately and all phases of determination should be recorded. Finally certification process should be done after completion of maintaining all records.

Sub-tracks:

Clinical Evaluation

Neurological Assessments

Apnea test

Ancillary test

Angiography

Cerebral Arteriography

Brain Death and Disorders of consciousness

Brain death and disorders of consciousness such as coma, vegetative state and minimally conscious state. Coma:  A state of unconsciousness from the patient who cannot be aroused even with stimulation such a pressure on the supraorbital nerve, temporo- mandibular angle of the mandible, sternum, or nail bed. Vegetative state: This signifies an awake but unresponsive state, most of these patients were earlier comatose and a period of days or weeks emerges to an unresponsive state in which their eyelids are open, giving the appearance of wakefulness. This explains two inter-related paradoxes; the first paradox is the brain dead patient whose 'phenotype' betrays the ultimate futility and lack of sustainability of the state and the second paradox is that of patients who retain apparent higher levels of cognitive function but who may be misidentified as remaining in a vegetative state or one of the similar conditions formulated in the recently defined syndrome of cognitive motor dissociation.

Sub-tracks:

Coma

Persistent Vegetative State

Locked in Syndrome

Minimally Conscious State

Cardiopulmonary Failure

Brain Tumor

A brain tumor is an abnormal growth of cells inside the brain or skull. A primary brain tumor is an abnormal growth that starts in the brain and usually does not spread to other parts of the body. Primary brain tumors may be benign or malignant. Metastatic (secondary) brain tumors begin as cancer elsewhere in the body and spread to the brain. They form when cancer cells are carried in the blood stream. The most common cancers that spread to the brain are lung and breast.

Sub-tracks:

Glioblastoma

Acoustic Neuroma

Embryonal Tumors

Craniopharyngioma

Medulloblastoma

Coma vs. Brain Death

Individual in a state of coma is considered as alive, no matter how severe or prolonged. There is a chance to get back into the normal life for the coma patients as the patient is in reversible unconscious condition but brain continuously gives electrical impulse signal to rest of the body. In case of brain death patients, they are in irreversible unconscious condition i.e. complete and irreversible cessation. In case of vegetative state coma, the patient has recovered brain stem function but not higher cognitive abilities. If the vegetative state continues for more than one month then it is considered as persistent vegetative state which normally leads to brain death. Only in rare cases, patient with persistent vegetative coma state can recover full mental awareness.

Sub-tracks:

Locked-in Syndrome

Clinical Death vs. Brain Death

Persistent Vegetative State

Brain Dysfunction

Brain Hemorrhage

Neural Tube Defect (NTD)

Pediatrics Brain Diseases

Developmental Brain Injury and Disorders (DBD) occur prior to birth or in early childhood. They may be caused by genetic factors or can be brain injuries acquired through exposure to environmental factors (such as fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, infection, physical brain injury or drug addiction in the mother). DBD commonly affect the person throughout their entire lifetime and symptoms fall on a spectrum from high-functioning children and adults, to more mildly or severely affect individuals with intellectual disability and a variety of other common symptoms. Some children born with DBD can also have defects in other organ systems as part of a syndrome.

Sub-tracks:

Anencephalic Infants

Neonatal Neurology

Brain Malformations

Birth Asphyxia

Cerebrovascular Malformations

Rehabilitation of Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) occurs when an outside mechanical force is applied to the head and affects brain functioning. It can be caused by a blow to the head or a penetrating head injury or a rapid acceleration- deceleration event if the head has not been directly struck. Mostly common in a large group of disease causing acquired brain injuries.

Sub-tracks:

             Closed Brain Injury

             Open Brain Injury

Clinical Evaluation of Brain Death

Clinical Evaluation of Brain Death is divided into two main categories they are Prerequisites and Neurologic Assessment. Prerequisites: Brain death is the absence of clinical brain function when the proximate cause is known demonstrably irreversible. Clinical or neuroimaging evidence of an acute catastrophe that is compatible with the clinical diagnosis of brain death. No drug intoxication or poisoning. Neurologic Assessment: Coma, Absence of brainstem reflexes and apnea test.

Sub-tracks:

             Caloric Testing

             Pupils

             Ocular Movement

             Facial sensation and facial motor response

             Pharyngeal and Tracheal Reflexes

Nursing and Intensive Care practices

Caring of brain death diagnosed patient is the heaviest of duties for nurses. Due to stressors and complications, this is the biggest challenge of nursing in critical care unit. Nurses working in ICU must be knowledgeable about the brain death diagnosis and taking care of patients and their family especially when the patient is potential organ donor.

Sub-tracks:

Neurological Nursing

ICU management of the brain dead potential donor

Organ Donation and Complications

For the advancement in modern science and technology, organ donation is the greatest achievement by which an organ failure patient may get new life. Organ donors are of two types as living related donor and living non-related donor like brain death patient and cadaveric donor. After brain death, donated organs are kept viable by using ventilator or other supporting mechanisms until it will be transplanted. In case of brain death, patient can donate most of the organs. Critical care management of a potential donor patient is very crucial to maximize the number and the quality of the transplanted organs.

Sub-tracks:

Living Donor

Cadaveric Donor

Organ Collection & Preservation

Miscellaneous Neurological Disorders

Sub-tracks:

Head Trauma

Neurocardiogenic Syncope

Biomarkers in Neurology

Oculo-Vestibular, Corneal and Oculocephalic Reflex

Seizures

Intracerebral Haemorrhage

The healthcare sector has been undergoing a lot of changes lately. The inculcation of technology into healthcare has completely revolutionized the way people perceive medical services. Furthermore, this development has also provided a scope of advancement for the smaller markets out there. Brain monitoring market is one of the best examples of this fact. Lately the demand for this procedure has risen which is why Market Research an organization that specializes in offering research reports decided to provide a research report on ‘Brain Monitoring Market’. According to it, this market will experience significant growth in the forthcoming forecast period of 2017-2022.

Brain monitoring is the method of assessing and reporting various brain functions. Several EEG devices are employed for this procedure. Recently The National Institute of Mental Health reported that 1 in every 4 adults happens to be suffering from a brain disorder. It further stated that 6% of that population experiences severe brain damage due to brain related disorders. Such alarming figures prove that this procedure is indeed the need of the hour.

People of the modern are knowledgeable which is why they take their mental health very seriously. Owing to this it is being said that the global brain monitoring market will experience tremendous progression during the forecast period. The CAGR and revenue return numerals look promising and further support this speculation.

Higher number of depressed people across the globe happens to be major growth contributor for this market. Apart from that additional factors like increasing instances of brain disorders, technological developments and neurological disorders happen to further propel the market towards expansion.

MODE OF PARTICIPATION	DURATION
Oral Presentation	20-35 minutes
Workshop	40-45 minutes
Symposium (Special Session delivered by 3-5 members)	50-60 minutes
Poster Presentation	10-12 minutes
Video Presentation	05-10 minutes

 

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